Mills Greatest Happiness Principles A Practical Guide to the Theory of Life

Life has always been a mystery to people. The humankind has been trying to unlock this secret throughout its entire existence. However, there has been very little success so far. Still, a number of theories concerning life and principles of life have been spawned. One of these theories is utilitarianism.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mill’s Greatest Happiness Principles: A Practical Guide to the Theory of Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The key principle of Utilitarianism according to its founder, John Miller, is that the right action must trigger the happiness of all those involved. However, utilitarianism is based not only on the given principle, but also on the so-called â€Å"theory of life.†Exploring the given phenomenon, one can get a little closer to discovering the meaning of life. It is a well-known fact that Mill’s key concepts are based on the so-called â€Å"theory of lif e.† The latter presupposes that people should strive for pleasure and drive the experience of pain to minimum. Alican put it in the following way: â€Å"Pleasure, and freedom from pain, are the only things desirable as ends.†1 At the given point, however, one might notice that Mill’s theory has a number of things in common with the traditional postulates of Hedonism. According to Alican, â€Å"In essence, then, Mill’s proof is an attempt to establish a theory of value, ethical hedonism.†2 Indeed, if considering Mill’s theory of life, one must admit that it presupposes following certain ethical principles when enjoying life. Nevertheless, it must be admitted that Miller’s theory borrows a lot from Hedonism. Moreover, Miller’s theory of life is practically based on Hedonism. If taking away the moral principles and the idea that any action should be aimed at both the satisfaction of self and the satisfaction of others, one will get the Hedonist principles. However, Mill’s theory involves another arguable and rather controversial element apart from the similarities with Hedonism. To be more exact, Mill denies the link between ethical theory and moral obligation. To start with, Miller asks the readers, â€Å"Does the belief that moral obligation has its seat outside the mind make the feeling of it too strong to be got rid of?†3 In the given question, Miller draws the line between the moral principles and the human mind. Hence, Mill questions the link between the moral and the ethical. Further on, Mill explains:Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is not necessary, for the present purpose, to decide whether the feeling of duty is innate or implanted. Assuming it to be innate, it is an open question to what objects it naturally attaches itself; for the philosophic supporters of that theory are now agr eed that the intuitive perception is of principles of morality, and not of the details.4 Thus, Mill specifies the difference between the moral and the ethical. Mill believes that moral is what is considered right by the society. Meanwhile, ethical, in Mill’s understanding, is what an individual believes to be right. Therefore, Mill also draws the line between the social and the personal. Hence, the theory of life also separates an individual from the society. Personally, I believe that Miller has the point. On the one hand, ethics and moral obligation are often considered the same thing. On the other hand, they often seem a mile away from each other. To demonstrate my point of view, it is necessary to consider a specific instance. For example, if an extremely poor person steals something vitally important, like medicine or food, for someone just as poor, a moral dilemma appears. A moral obligation presupposes that the thief should be imprisoned. From an ethical standpoint, ho wever, the thief had a noble thing in mind when stealing which means that the thief should be released. Therefore, Miller seems right about the difference between ethical theory and moral dilemma. What seems morally logical is not always ethically correct. There are different courses of actions for the case above. However, in either case, the conflict between the moral and the ethical will be there. An individual might consider it ethical to release the prisoner. However, according to the laws of society, it is immoral to let the criminal go. While some people consider that the given theory approached hedonism, Mill claimed that it was not. According to Mill, hedonism does not focus on the quality of the pleasure. On the contrary, in Mill’s theory, quality is the defining issue. Even though John Miller’s theory has been studied fully, the meaning of life still remains obscure. It is worth giving credit to Miller, though. With the help of his theory, he managed to devel op a completely new basis for people’s relationships. Moreover, Miller managed to provide an ethical basis for his theory. At the same time the latter does not seem preachy, which is worth appreciating.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mill’s Greatest Happiness Principles: A Practical Guide to the Theory of Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Miller emphasized the significance of a human life once again. However, he made it in a new and subtle way. The philosopher created the theory that allowed to establish completely new type of human relationships. Unselfish and aimed at everyone’s satisfaction, utilitarianism attitudes seem a very peculiar idea. Reference List 1. Alican, N. F. Mill’s principle of utility: a defense of John Stuart Mill’s notorious proof. Atlanta (GA): Rodopi; 1994. 2. Alican, N. F. Mill’s principle of utility: a defense of John Stuart Mill’s n otorious proof. Atlanta (GA): Rodopi; 1994. 3. Mill, J. S. Utilitarianism. Cambridge, (MA): Longman, Green, Reader Dyer, 1871. 4. Mill, J. S. Utilitarianism. Cambridge, (MA): Longman, Green, Reader Dyer, 1871. This essay on Mill’s Greatest Happiness Principles: A Practical Guide to the Theory of Life was written and submitted by user Cailyn Cruz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

pfizer essays

pfizer essays Competitive Advantage is the condition that enables a company to operate in a more efficient or in a higher-quality manner than the companies that it competes with, which results in benefits to that specific company. This is usually achieved by offering consumers greater value, either by means of lower prices or by providing greater benefits and services that justify for higher prices. One of the key strategies in achieving a competitive advantage is product differentiation. Product differentiation is the idea that certain features make one product appear different from competing products in the same market. Pfizer achieves this strategy through brand loyalty and advertising. Pfizer is a very well respected company; which makes them strongly trusted amongst their consumers. The way Pfizer achieves this trust is through their advertising and brand loyalty. Advertising and brand loyalty are very important in the pharmaceutical market due to the large interchangeability of its products. This basically means that there are a lot of products out there, in the Pharmaceutical industry, which are close substitutes to that of Pfizers and other companies. One way of avoiding such interchangeability is with the use of patents. A patent grants sole rights of a particular product to a specific company, making it illegal for other companies to make similar substitutable products. (www.pfizer.com) On the other hand Pfizer also competes with firms when there are no patents on their products. This is where Pfizers prestigious brand name and loyalty come into play. As earlier mentioned, many consumers trust Pfizer and its products to have a higher quality than any other pharmaceutical company. So when they need to purchase these products they look for the brand they can trust, Pfizer! The reason Pfizer is such a well-trusted company again comes from their advertising. Pfizer prides itself on its advert ...

LEGAL ISSUES FOR MANAGERS - Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LEGAL ISSUES FOR MANAGERS - Ethics - Assignment Example The manager also would be exercising breach of code as stated in clause 4 relating to the company’s competition and fair dealing As relates to Beal’s concerns, the parties involved are; the manager of the accounting department who is aware of the discrepancies in the accounts created in the accounting department and those presented to the board of directors. A few of the accountants are spending the company’s property and working time in running of their own businesses. The manager is aware that someone is responsible for breaching clause 6 of the code. Furthermore, such records amounts up to $100million fraud through overvaluing of assets could most likely lead to harsh disciplinary action like loss of employment or even criminal prosecution. The accountants on the other hand, are not only using the company’s time to conduct their own private businesses; but they also using the company’s assets as well. The accounts are in breach of almost all sub-clauses of clause 5. For instance, they use their business time for their own private work. In addition, as relates to clause 3, the ac countants are engaged in using the company’s computers. The Japanese company, which a major supplier extending an invitation to Linda Plant, the RH purchaser and her husband for a two-day trip to Sydney and Rolling stone’s band concert in Australia. This would mean a breach of sub-clause 5.3 of the conflict of interest clause. That is, Linda Plant as a purchaser was not to be involved in any form of acceptance (recipient) of gifts from a supplier; which would act towards the interests of the Japanese company benefiting; if Linda would be involved direct or indirectly in the purchase. In addition, any money or services extended to an employee, family member or to any company RH is involved in a transaction with is not

Satire in Candide Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Satire in Candide - Term Paper Example After revealing that the profound distrust of Voltaire of rationalist theology and metaphysics gave him an image of being inescapably ‘anti-Leibnitzien’, it reveals that, oddly, Voltaire, just like Leibniz, was committed to enlightened, open-minded, and liberal political rule which could mitigate suffering and poverty, create educational and scientific traditions, scorn religious discrimination and fallacy, and choose happiness and fortune over violence and war (Levine, 1999, 249-250). This paper explains how Voltaire satirizes the philosophy of optimism as well as other institutions of the day in his work ‘Candide’. Satire is defined as a literary device whose goal is to improve society and the human condition by poking fun at individuals and various institutions with the goal of bringing awareness and reform. Satire can be grouped into three categories, Horatian (mild, good natured, tolerant and sympathetic), Juvenalian (vituperative, biting and filled with moral indignation), and Menippean (attacks on mental attitudes instead of specific individuals). Candide contains both Horatian and Jeuvenalian elements of satire. There are various types of satirical devices among them being, hyperbole, irony, allusion, parody, oxymoron, and understatement. New ideas, fresh interpretations, and original thought characterized the period known as the Enlightenment in the eighteenth Century. Scientific discovery was flourishing which brought new discoveries that challenged the traditional power of religion. Influential writers and philosophers of this age, Voltaire being prominent among them, sought to better the human condition and advance human thinking through truth and humorous criticism. Voltaire employs scathing satire to ridicule the ideologies of the Old Regime by criticizing most of the political, social, and religious ideals of his time. More specifically however, Voltaire chose as

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Business Strategy - Essay Example Under the stages approach, learning occurs first within the domestic market and then the business seeks opportunities in culturally-similar markets before ultimately expanding into a foreign market and developing the appropriate market entry strategy for this new foreign environment. Virgin Group, founded by Richard Branson, is an excellent example of a conglomerate that has utilised incremental foreign market entry strategies. The Virgin group first gained market experience in the United Kingdom, then selected entry into the United States, a location with similar culture to find market success utilising knowledge gleaned through UK business practices. Today, Virgin Group has built considerable marketing prowess and human capital advantages that allow the company to align strategy with foreign market characteristics. Common practices and metric within a variety of subsidiaries was gained through knowledge management and knowledge transfer that could, in the long-run, be applied to new and innovative business practices aligned with foreign culture and market characteristics. The Uppsala model is a rather common sense business model that strongly reinforces the necessity for knowledge management. Learning occurs through social, technological, organisational and marketing-based conceptions that build competencies, performance, and determine the appropriate market entry strategy required to meet foreign market demands in the pursuit of becoming a global corporation. Wal-Mart is a relevant example lending support to the Uppsala model, as this business determines a variety of unique market entry strategies, including joint ventures and acquisitions, in order to build knowledge about foreign culture preferences before ultimately determining an appropriate strategic policy aligned with foreign market characteristics. For instance, in Canada, consumers are â€Å"socially

Highlights On The Ethical Dilemmas Of Standard Chartered Bank Business Essay

Highlights On The Ethical Dilemmas Of Standard Chartered Bank Business Essay Standard Chartered plc operates as the leading emerging markets bank in the world. The banking group, known by many in the banking industry as Stanchart, operates over 500 offices in 50 countries throughout the Asia Pacific region, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, the United Kingdom, and North and South America. Its Consumer banking divisionresponsible for 58 percent of operating profit in 2000provides customers with credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, and investment services. Its Wholesale banking unit caters to corporate clients in the trade finance, cash management, custody, lending, foreign exchange, interest rate management, and debt capital markets. In 2000, the majority of SCBs revenue stemmed from its Hong Kong and Asia Pacific region operations, while the Middle East accounted for 18 percent, North and South America and the United Kingdom secured 14 percent, and Africa claimed 9 percent of revenues. The bank derives more than 90% of its operating income and profits from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, generated from its Wholesale and Consumer Banking Businesses. The group has approximately 1750 branches and outlets located in more than 70 countries. The London-headquartered Group has operated for more than 150 years in some of the worlds most dynamic markets, leading the way in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Its income and profits have more than doubled over the last five years, primarily as a result of organic growth, supplemented by acquisitions. The group employs 75,000 people, nearly half of whom are women. Its employees are of 115 nationalities, with 60 of these represented among senior management. Highlights on the ethical dilemmas of Standard Chartered Bank Although Standard Chartered Bank is an international bank and countries tend to trust it for its international standards, but being such a widespread company they have had their ethical criticisms. Some of the unethical dilemmas that the company has faced over the years are- Credit card complaints- Recently SCB has been facing extensive disputes in Asia particularly in India and Pakistan regarding the marketing of their credit cards. Figure 1:1- Reduction of the use of credit cards The governments trade watchdog, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission, has started an investigation of card-selling practices of certain banks including Standard Chartered Bank, HSBC and the local banks ICICI and HDFC. The commission has the power to fine companies and limit their business dealings. All the banks involved say they have followed all appropriate trade practices and are cooperating with the requests for information. On May 7, the Reserve Bank sent a letter to all commercial banks warning about usurious interest rates, asking them to make sure costs to the borrowers were justifiable. The ombudsmans office at the bank said it received 3,700 consumer complaints about credit card lenders within just the first 5 months of 2006. Newspapers regularly run articles telling consumers how to cancel their cards, and some frustrated credit card users simply stop paying their bills. (http://www.consumercourt.in/cred it-card/2638-standard-chartered-bank-complaint.html) Stock market scandal (International Agenda)- A report on Indias biggest financial scandal during 1991 1992 accuses foreign banks of transacting dummy deals to cover up losses or camouflage transactions by favored Indian brokers. The report from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) exposes what it calls the nexus between Indian brokers and two foreign banks, Standard Chartered and Australia and New Zealand Banking Groups ANZ Grindlays Bank. The report accuses Standard Chartered of entering into fictitious transactions to cover up an ever-increasing number of unaccounted deals on its investment portfolio. The central bank of India has issued fines of roughly $42 million to 10 foreign banks, including Citibank, Bank of America, American Express Bank Ltd. and Standard Chartered Bank, accusing them of involvement in Indias worst securities scandal. SCB violated its guidelines by financing certain stock market operations, as well as helping out a fathered broker, Harshad Mehta, by putting thro ugh a number of dummy transactions. (Sanjoy Zakaria, 1994, New York Times) Acquisitions and outsourcing threat- In Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia in the financial master plan encouraged outsourcing of non-core functions by Financial Institutions. Ever since, banks have been exploring outsourcing as a way to rationalize and streamline operation. While outsourcing is a way forward to reduce cost, manage manpower dependencies and to allow financial institutions to focus on its core business of providing services and financial products, such outsourcing is done without prior consultation with workers representative namely SBEU. Reduction of staffs not only occurs to those directly affected by the outsourcing of the job functions, but also other complementary staff areas. Example, outsourcing of Sales and Marketing job in Standard Chartered Bank has transferred jobs originally done by Special Grade Clerical. Indirectly, this will reduce career promotion prospect. The bank has also use rationalization (due to outsourcing) as an excuse to close branches and scale down others. In the case of Standard Chartered Bank, the bank has gone on closing 15 branches nationwide with two in Sarawak according to Law Kiat Min, General Secretary of Sarawak Bank Employees Union. Evaluation of the Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Standard Chartered Bank Credit card complaints- The consumer court in India has been tackling problems regarding unfair credit card charges and improper means to withdraw the phony due amount, Credit Card Terms Prompt Indignation Arigit Sengupta, a hotel manager in Bangalore, swears he is never using a credit card again. Skip to next paragraphAfter charging about 30,000 rupees ($743) to his card and paying his minimum balance on time, he said he wound up owing his bank more than three times that amount. The kind of interest they charge, not even a chartered accountant could understand, he said. Local and foreign banks are aggressively peddling credit card accounts in India, where a fast-growing middle class with disposable income has created the ideal card customer base. (Refer to Appendix-2) Even though the firm is maintaining the contractual theory with a customer during selling these credit cards, which represents that firms have a responsibility to comply with the terms of the sale, inform the customers about the nature of the product, avoid misrepresentation of any kind, and not coerce the customer in any way. But on the other hand SCB is overlooking the due care theory which focuses on the relative vulnerability of the customer, who has less information and expertise than the firm, and the ethical responsibility that places on the firm. Customers must depend on the firm providing the product or service to live up to the claims about it and to exercise due care to avoid customer injury. The result is vocal and heated criticism from card holders, consumer advocates and the government. They accuse the banks of levying unfair fees and nuisance charges and of providing miserable customer service. These banks are cheating the public, said C. V. Giddappa, general secretary of the Credit Card Holders Association of India, a nationwide consumer group. Mr. Giddappas organization estimates that Indian consumers are paying 16.4 million rupees a day (more than $406,000) in unfair charges, and is agitating for a debt-free India by 2020. Stock market scandal (International Agenda) Regarding the particular scandal in 1991 1992 in India a spokesman for Standard Chartered said some of the report was misleading, particularly the conclusion that senior managers were aware of the fraud. Barry Northrop, who heads a Standard Chartered team trying to recover the banks losses in the scandal, said the fictitious deals were created without the knowledge of senior management and in defiance of both internal and RBI guidelines. Individuals involved had been dismissed and procedures tightened. In terms of theories SCB has complied according to Milton Friedmans theory (1970) regarding corporate social responsibility, which interprets that the only legitimate purpose of a company is to create wealth and pursuing their business effectively for the benefit of their customers, whilst providing a profitable reward to their investors. Being a foreign bank SCB acted upon their best interest financially, according to Friedman its the role of the state to provide the legal framework that regulated companies behaviour in relation to the rest of the community, the government or any appointed monitoring entity should have foreseen such a scandal and prevented it from occurring. But in the context of Kants theory, deontology or duty-based ethics that judges morality by examining the nature of actions and the will of agents rather than goals achieved or simply a deontological theory looks at inputs rather than outcomes. Therefore since this move of SCB was clearly unfavourable for the economy of India, it worked as a bad reputation for the bank as well as other foreign banks. (Refer to Appendix-3) Acquisitions and outsourcing threat- The practice of outsourcing is considered as a good option, since it provides guaranteed professional assistance for businesses without the expenses of maintaining fulltime employees, but it also poses as a threat for the domestic countries work force. Outsourcing for talent leads to lack of job security for the local employees. Standard Chartered bank and a few other international banks in Malaysia has been outsourcing extensively which has lead to an inconvenience for the employees of the nation. The provision in the Collective Agreement only requires the Bank to consult the Union prior to outsourcing. Outsourcing has inevitably reduced headcount of staff of financial institutions. Attempts by unions to negotiate with the bank to ensure that when staff moved over to the new entity (outsourcing company), and retain their seniority, pay and benefits has not been successful. While it is not possible to extent exact figure of employees who lost thei r job due to outsourcing, it is estimated that about 30% of employees are directly affected numbering about 1,000 staffs. This figure is expected to increase due to continued rationalization and system engineering. Outsourcing takes two forms, namely, transfer of job function to head office prior to outsourcing in the case of Bumiputra Commerce Bank or direct outsourcing which happened in Standard Chartered Bank. Based on such outcomes and considering SCBs current status as one of the best multinational financial institutions, Carrolls (1979) four step model on CSR can be used to stress the depth of the duty an organization needs to comply. The first two steps of the model remain evident, but the last two steps addresses particularly to the dilemma SCB is facing. Since Carroll believes that because a company can affect the interests and even lives of people, it should be accountable/responsible, to societal interests over those of the owners and beyond the specific limits of the law. Best Ethical Values and Practices of Standard Chartered Bank Even though Standard Chartered Bank has had a reputation of using unethical means to reach a much beneficial end in terms of the companys market expansion. Although the British Empire isnt as global as it used to be, that hasnt stopped Standard Chartered. Sustainability is integral to Standard Chartered. Worldwide and in Malaysia, the bank champions dedicated causes, one of them being environment. The organization believes that each person can make a difference, and through small steps, the collection action contributes to the overall impact as the community unites to preserve the environment for future generations. The organization is cognizant of getting it right in the home, before moving out to the neighborhood. The strategy of embedding the environment consciousness among the staff was a key focus for SCB in growing green advocates. As such, their green agenda is woven into every level of the banks operations. Environmental and Social Awareness- Over the last two years, Standard Chartered has run multiple activities and programs focusing on self-awareness, reducing wastage and lowering carbon footprint under its umbrella theme, Go Green, Lets Make a Difference. From cutting back on air travel to implementing shared-printer facility between departments, the results have been very heartening. The bank has seen as much as 50% reduction in air travel, 20% in paper consumption, 50% reduction in air travel and 10% in electricity usage, and the introduction of e-statements with customers. Higher targets are set for 2011. The bank is already using recycled paper for their business cards, and sourcing to adopt recyclable paper in all their operations Their other programs, Seeing is Believing (preventing curable blindness), Living with HIV/AIDS, Financial Literacy Programme, are being tackled on ground with face-to-face interaction given theres a higher level of social sensitivity surrounding these causes. All the following mentioned above directs to the theory of Consequentialism; consequentialist ethics bases decision-making on the best outcome for the largest group that also results in the least harm. It is a form of utilitarian ethics, which focuses on results rather than ingrained moral imperatives. The utility principle requires the decision-maker to weigh the possible consequences of his or her actions to select options that offer the best results for society. This has lead SCB in attaining the title of one of the worlds most ethical companies in four consecutive years till 2010 all in recognition of its ongoing commitment to build a sustainable business for the benefit of customers, clients and the wider communities in whi ch it operates. (Refer to Appendix-4) Workforce Diversity- With more and more organizations going global, diversity at work is increasingly becoming an integral part of every organization. Diversity refers to any perceived difference among people like age, race, religion, profession, sexual orientation, geographic origin and lifestyle. SCB has started their journey of diversity and inclusion in India from 2006 with formation of the DI Council. SCB initially started by concentrating on three aspects of diversity, gender, disability and nationality. Some of the key concerns were the infrastructure of the working women, work-life balance, and barriers to growth. A series of focused group discussions were conducted to understand and address these concerns to help position Standard Chartered as the employer of womens choice, states Rajashree Nambiar, GM distribution and country champion, diversity and inclusion, Standard Chartered Bank. From an ethical perspective the bank has been exercising virtue ethics which focuses on t he individuals moral stature rather than the morality of the act itself. A moral actor will base his or her decisions on ingrained values rather than consequences or duty. However, the individual is part of a community so the virtues valued by the community affect the individual decision-makers thought processes. A cultures values are incorporated into the individuals ethical framework. As a global bank, the variety of markets they do business in makes them diverse inherently. In terms of gender diversity; women make up to 46Â  per cent of their total workforce and the number of women in senior management roles has also increased. To increase female representation amongst senior management they focused on creating a pipeline of high-potential female employees at middle management. In 2008, they developed a mentoring programme for their middle management talent, with a specific focus on women. The Bank actively supports International Womens Day. Across their markets, and organize a variety of activities to recognize the achievements of women and highlight role models. In 2008, SCB renewed focus on attracting and supporting potential employees with disabilities. Over the last 12 months, the Group trained and hired a number of blind employees in Pakistan, employed their first visually challenged employee in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. SCB also launched initiatives to support employees with family responsibilities, and new maternity and paternity leave policies were rolled out in Bangladesh, Lebanon, US and Australia in 2008. Recommendation According to the reasonings mentioned above it is clear that SCB initially made a lot of wrong moves which was mostly in their own interest, but gradually when they started being internationally recognized they have tried substantially to improve their ethical ways as a corporation. They not only provided international job opportunities in the economies they settled in, they also came up with various social awareness activities e.g. fund-raising, and city beautification programs in the countries they are operating. Since they are a service based organization their only way of communicating to their customers should be through goodwill building and transparent publication of their intentions and actions. On the other hand the governments of the countries where MNCs like SCB operate should assign more efficient and reliable monitoring bodies for convenience. References Text Books/Articles- Fisher, C Lovell, A, Business Ethics and Values: Individual, Corporate and International Perspectives, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, 2009 Crane, A Matten, D, Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization, 2nd Edition Oxford University Press, 2007 Laurie J. Mullins, Management and Organisation behavior, 8th Edition, FT Prentice Hall, 2007 Jacques P. Thiroux, Keith W. Krasemann, Ethics: Theory and Practice, 10th Edition, Pearson Education 2009 De Geaorge, Richard T., Business Ethics, 7th Edition, Pearson Education 2010 Lawrence, P.R. and Lorsch, J.W., Organisation and Environment, Irwin, 1969 Press statement April 2002 to Standard Chartered Bank on Closure and downsizing of branches -pages 7-9 Websites- www.consumercourt.in/credit-card/2638-standard-chartered-bank-complaint.html www.gbcimpact.org/itcs_node/0/0/member_profiles/434 www.csrdigest.com/2010/08/going-green-using-social-media/ www.newyorktimes.com www.thetimesofindia.com www.timesnewspaper.com www.standardchartered.com

NASA Cries for Money Essay -- Politics Government

In Lee Billing’s article, What Future for NASA, Billing discusses the past and present situation of the NASA program and how over fifty years of running hasn't accomplished NASA very much. In 1958 the National Aeronautics and Space Act was signed allowing for NASA to be formed. This lead to a major race which caught America's eye. The goal was to reach the Moon as quickly as possible, not to develop a lasting ability to go there. After the race was won in 1969, America lost interest. Even on NASA's 50th year anniversary, they were still unable to send astronauts beyond low-Earth orbit. Fundings dramatically decreased and NASA is still struggling to pay for any advancements. Something must be done to insure the advancements of research for new technology. But with the loss of funding there won't be anyway to do that very soon. According to Billing, NASA's 2009 budget is about $18 billion. Each year the US spends more than $300 billion paying interest on the growing debt. On defense and homeland security the US will spend $600 billion and that does not include the $12 billion spent...